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Gemstone Science
Why Laboratories Can Disagree About Moonstone: ...
Moonstone identification is complicated by feldspar solid solutions, adularescence from internal lamellae, treatment, and synthetic imitations. Learn why labs may reach different conclusions.
Why Laboratories Can Disagree About Moonstone: ...
Moonstone identification is complicated by feldspar solid solutions, adularescence from internal lamellae, treatment, and synthetic imitations. Learn why labs may reach different conclusions.
When a Sapphire's Color Comes from the Surface:...
Why diffusion-treated sapphire is hard to prove: how near-surface trace elements color corundum, what microscopy, chemistry, and spectroscopy can establish, and where sampling limits leave genuine uncertainty.
When a Sapphire's Color Comes from the Surface:...
Why diffusion-treated sapphire is hard to prove: how near-surface trace elements color corundum, what microscopy, chemistry, and spectroscopy can establish, and where sampling limits leave genuine uncertainty.
What Absorption Spectroscopy Can and Cannot Tel...
How absorption spectroscopy explains watermelon tourmaline color zoning and chromophores, and why it cannot alone distinguish natural from laboratory-grown tourmaline.
What Absorption Spectroscopy Can and Cannot Tel...
How absorption spectroscopy explains watermelon tourmaline color zoning and chromophores, and why it cannot alone distinguish natural from laboratory-grown tourmaline.
How Synthetic Alexandrite Reveals Its Growth Hi...
Learn how gemologists distinguish synthetic alexandrite from natural material using growth structures, trace-element chemistry, and spectroscopy, and why no single test is definitive.
How Synthetic Alexandrite Reveals Its Growth Hi...
Learn how gemologists distinguish synthetic alexandrite from natural material using growth structures, trace-element chemistry, and spectroscopy, and why no single test is definitive.
What Reflectance Spectroscopy Can and Cannot Es...
Reflectance spectroscopy reveals surface composition of natural pearls but cannot alone determine natural versus cultured origin. Learn the limits of one measurement.
What Reflectance Spectroscopy Can and Cannot Es...
Reflectance spectroscopy reveals surface composition of natural pearls but cannot alone determine natural versus cultured origin. Learn the limits of one measurement.
Detecting Synthetic Kyanite by X-Ray Diffractio...
How X-ray diffraction identifies kyanite yet cannot prove natural origin, and why synthetic detection relies on an evidence chain of growth features, chemistry, and structural data.
Detecting Synthetic Kyanite by X-Ray Diffractio...
How X-ray diffraction identifies kyanite yet cannot prove natural origin, and why synthetic detection relies on an evidence chain of growth features, chemistry, and structural data.